0 前言
在之前的文章中,我使用直观的例子介绍了两个图神经网络,图卷积网络(GCN)和图注意力网络(GAT)。这两个图神经网络适用条件都是同质图。而与同质图相对,其实也是更常见的,是异质图。接下来这篇文章我将同质图与异质图进行介绍,也借以这篇文章,开启后续对异质图神经网络的介绍。
1 同质图
在同质图中,所有的节点都属于同一类型,且节点之间的边也具有相同的类型,没有额外的区分标记。这意味着图中的每一部分(节点和边)在结构上是等价的,简化了信息传播和聚合的规则设计。
比如说,文章引用网络就是一个同质图。在文章引用网络中,每个节点都代表一篇文章,每条边都代表文章间的引用关系,像这种,所有点类型相同,所有边类型相同的图,就是同质图。
同质图神经网络是一种专门设计用于处理同质图结构数据的神经网络模型。在 GCN 或是 GAT 中,你们也许发现了这些细节:
- 所有点的特征向量的维度都是相同的
- 所有点常常共享相同的权重矩阵 W
- 消息传递时无需考虑边的类型
可以看到,上述细节特点,在点类型和边类型都相同的同质图中,是合理的。但是,到了异质图,就有所不同了。下面我们来介绍下异质图。
2 异质图
与同质图相对,在异质图中,节点可以有不同的类型,边也可以有不同的类型,点和边都有额外的区分标记。这意味着图中的每一部分(节点和边)在结构上不一定是等价的,这也给信息传播和聚合的规则设计带来了挑战。
比如说在一个电影推荐网络中。节点类型有用户、电影、演员,边类型有用户喜爱电影、演员参演电影,像这样,有不同类型的点、不同类型的边的图,就是异质图。
传统的图神经网络主要针对同质图设计,难以直接应用于包含多种节点和边类型的异质图。因此,异质图神经网络应运而生,旨在通过建模不同类型节点和边的特征,捕捉和利用异质图中的丰富结构信息和语义信息。
由于点类型的不同以及边类型的不同,异质图神经网络常常有这些细节:
- 点的特征向量的维度不一定相同
- 不同类型的点不共享相同的权重矩阵 W
- 消息传递时需考虑边的类型
异质图的表达能力远强于同质图,我们不难想象,在现实世界中,相比同质图,异质图绝对是更加普遍的存在,应用空间也更加广泛。因此异质图的研究也非常重要。
3 总结
这篇文章简单介绍和区分了下同质图和异质图,由于我更看好异质图的应用场景,后续我也会将更多精力的放在探索异质图神经网络上。
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